A Book Review of The Struggle essays

A Book Review of The Struggle essays Book Review of The Struggle for Black Equality: 1954 - 1992 The Struggle for Black Equality is an outstanding history of the civil rights movement. The book recounts the growth of the 20th Century Civil Rights Movement from the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision, through the Southern segregation of the 1960's, to predominant urban problems of the 1990's. The work covers important aspects of key leadership, founding of civil rights organizations, historic incidents, political adversaries, advocates, resistance defeats, eventual triumph of Civil Rights and subsequent contemporary discrimination. The author explains that the appointment of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference fit the need for Southern African Americans to become preeminent in the movement, which before the founding of the SCLC and additional civil rights organizations was chiefly the domain of Northerners (Sitkoff, 56). "Now the Southern churches provided the movement with a stable base,"1 that firmly established non violence at it's core. Sitkoff's analysis of the Civil Rights Era accurately illustrates the social protest of the period with broad clarity, including an authoritative account of the momentous Montgomery bus boycott. The work well noted that the Rosa Parks, December 1955 bus event "unified the black community."2 whose solidarity and resolve was expressed for over a year, throughout the boycott of Montgomery's city buses. The author depicts the men, women and children of the civil rights revolution as ordinary people living in extraordinary times. Book Review of The Struggle for Black Equality: 1954 - 1992 Many of the movement's advocates were revealed as fearful political progressives longing to preserve peace. Sitkoff divulged leaders often revered as civil rights champions such as President John F. Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy believed Jim Crow was wrong,...

Free Essays on The People Of La Chambdon

I found the essay â€Å"From Cruelty to Goodness† written by Philip Hallie, to be remarkable. He states that ethics to him is personal and that it involves many different components. In the beginning he dwelled on the negative parts of ethics and ways in which cruelty could be stopped from happening. Hallie wanted to understand what cruelty was and why do people allow it to happen to them instead of running away from it. He felt that dignity was to blame for the way people react towards cruelty even when it’s done purposely. According to Hallie â€Å" the majority and the weakness of a minority were at the center of the institutional cruelty of slavery and of Nazi anti-Semitism†. The cruelty that Jews and blacks went through was both physical and verbal. Hallie also believed that if one tried to defend them selves eventually the cruelty would become less. â€Å"It would have to be either the victim getting stronger or the victimizer getting their way† in the end. The point of view that matters more is the victims and not the victimizer because they are unaware of the pain they inflict. A victim never forgets what happened to them and the people that help them to survive. Personal freedom is the right of having a choice and how one gets to express their feelings or desires through one’s actions without being judged by the norms of society. The people of Le Chambon did what they felt was right at the time despite the consequences. This essay pointed out to me that no matter what we encounter we always have choices. The situation is what we make of it, and it depends on how we handle it. In reality there is no justice when it comes to cruelty and goodness it’s just one or the other.... Free Essays on The People Of La Chambdon Free Essays on The People Of La Chambdon I found the essay â€Å"From Cruelty to Goodness† written by Philip Hallie, to be remarkable. He states that ethics to him is personal and that it involves many different components. In the beginning he dwelled on the negative parts of ethics and ways in which cruelty could be stopped from happening. Hallie wanted to understand what cruelty was and why do people allow it to happen to them instead of running away from it. He felt that dignity was to blame for the way people react towards cruelty even when it’s done purposely. According to Hallie â€Å" the majority and the weakness of a minority were at the center of the institutional cruelty of slavery and of Nazi anti-Semitism†. The cruelty that Jews and blacks went through was both physical and verbal. Hallie also believed that if one tried to defend them selves eventually the cruelty would become less. â€Å"It would have to be either the victim getting stronger or the victimizer getting their way† in the end. The point of view that matters more is the victims and not the victimizer because they are unaware of the pain they inflict. A victim never forgets what happened to them and the people that help them to survive. Personal freedom is the right of having a choice and how one gets to express their feelings or desires through one’s actions without being judged by the norms of society. The people of Le Chambon did what they felt was right at the time despite the consequences. This essay pointed out to me that no matter what we encounter we always have choices. The situation is what we make of it, and it depends on how we handle it. In reality there is no justice when it comes to cruelty and goodness it’s just one or the other....

The topic can be proposed by the writer Assignment - 14

The topic can be proposed by the writer - Assignment Example Suzy Harbison presented the case before the court with an argument that the property transferred to David was done so at a price less than their market value. This implied that Bonnie Strickland had breached her fiduciary duty in accordance with the Alabama limited liability company act. Rule Statement: In accordance with Act 1993, No. 93-724, p. 1425, Â §20 of the Alabama limited liability act, the court analyzed the liability of a manager of a company in relation to her liability to the third party and determined that Bonnie Strickland did not breach her fiduciary duty to the company. This is because the company was not formed with the intention of making profit. Additionally, interpretation of the intent of the operating agreement revealed that the limited liability company was formed for distribution of the assets of the defendants and her husband. Conclusion statement: Fiduciary duty is a legal and ethical relationship that requires one party to take care of the assets and financial property of another party. In the case presented above, Bonnie Strickland is the holder of the fiduciary duty towards the Strickland limited liability company. Nevertheless, despite holding fiduciary duty in a company, the law under the Alabama limited company act gives provision for designing the company’s formation agreement that give options for the fiduciary holder not to act according to the interest of the company, but in accordance with the interest of the party that is within the confinements of the law (Kaufman,

Micro Economic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Micro Economic - Assignment Example A shift in the budget line along the bundle A is shown in the figure. The shift in budget line is parallel that indicates the fact that with a decrease in price of good X, the consumers’ real income increases. Furthermore, this implies that the consumer can now afford more goods and services as compared to the previous condition. Therefore, the parallel shift of the budget line and income effect shifts the consumer to a higher utility level. The movement from A to point B that depicts the effect of fall in price of good X. In case of normal goods, the consumption increases with the rise in income. On the other hand, in case of inferior goods, consumption falls with the rise in income (Arnold 261-265). 2) The change in price represents change in consumption pattern. A consumer is in a better position when consumption is located on a higher indifference curve, which indicates to a consumer’s response to the change in price of goods with respect to its nature. To be noted in this context, price effect is positive in case of normal goods. As positive income change causing shift in the budget line refers to its movement to a higher utility curve, the upward movement indicates that the consumer can purchase larger quantity of goods with same amount (Arnold 261-265). The change in consumption pattern is depicted as a shift in the budget line to a higher position as shown the figure-2 below. 3) Income effect is primarily considered as the result of the change in income earned by an individual. The effect can be positive as well as negative with respect to the type of goods. In case of normal goods, the income effect is positive but for inferior goods, it is negative. With the increase in income earned, preference for inferior goods decreases among consumers and so, the consumers become more likely to purchase substitutes. It is in this context that the shift in consumer preferences gives more satisfaction to the consumers as can be observed with reference to

Business Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Organisations - Essay Example This leadership is not about taking turns running the meeting. It is rather about promoting a better way of doing things or a new product." Many studies have shown that good leaders tend to have certain qualities such as: they have technical and specific skill of some task, have a clear sense of purpose, they are optimistic, work well with others, and believe that they can make a difference, can nurture the people around them i.e. delegate tasks, aware of the environment and themselves, are empathetic, direct all actions towards the goals and the mission and are role models for others. There are many theories on which leadership style should be adopted, but each leadership style or approach used depends on the culture of the organisation and the task at hand. As all things, these approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, and in some situations it is better to use a particular type of approach over another. Leadership has been broadly categorized into classical approaches, behavioural approaches, trait approaches, transformational approaches and contingency approaches. Each approach has many theories within it. The classical approach contains the autocratic style, bureaucratic style, democratic style and the Laissez-faire. The autocratic style is the one in which the leader or manager retains control and power of decision making. Studies have shown that an autocratic leadership style leads to high absenteeism and labour turnover. There is low employee morale and the employees become dependent on the manager for decision making. Bureaucratic is when the manager goes by the book, follows procedure and policy, and if something is not in the book than he refers to his senior. This type of leadership style can be used when the job is routine, or when working with dangerous equipment and hazardous chemicals. It should not be used when employees start to lose interest in their job and do only what is expected of them and no more. A democratic style encourages participation, sharing of information and problem solving responsibilities. It is a way of coaching the employees to reach their full potential, although the final say lies with the coach. It is appropriate to use this style when the employee is skilled and the leader wants to provide the employees with opportunities, encourage team work, the task is very complex and requires input form all employees or when an organisational change needs to be made. It is not effective when there is a lack of time, it costs more to get everybody's input, the business in not in a condition to make mistakes, employee safety is vital and the manager feels insecure about delegating. Laissez-faire style is a do it yourself style. The leader provides no guidance. This is effective when the employees are highly skilled and know what they are doing. They are trustworthy and have experience in the field, and are experts. An example of this can be engineers and scientists working in the research and development department. They know what they want and how they want the end result to look like. It should not be used when the manager himself is unclear about his responsibilities and wants the employees to do his work, when the manager can not provide feedback; managers are unable to thank their employees and when the employees need the presence of the manager to guide them. Each of these

Multi-objective Optimization Mathematical Model

Multi-objective Optimization Mathematical Model CHAPTER 3 PRODUCTION COST WORK INJURY LEVEL MODELLING 3.1 Introduction This chapter describes a multi-objective optimization mathematical model with decision variables and constraints on them. Section 3.2 presents the model formulation with aim to minimize the total production cost and work injury level particularly in a manufacturing industry over a planning horizon. Section 3.3 presents [ZC1]the case study drawn from literature to validate the proposed model. Section 3.4 presents the method to calculate the work injury cost with consideration of work injury level factor. Section 3.5 gives the summary for this chapter. Model formulation The traditional production planning model is a mathematical optimization model. In such a model, the objective function is the total cost, and the decision variable refers to production quantity, inventory quantity, and outsourcing quantity. The constraint function in the traditional production planning model includes the demand in a planning horizon. In the work of (Xu, 2015), the traditional model includes the work injury cost. The expansion of the model hence mentions the description of the objective function and constraints. The model aims to achieve the two objective are: Objective 1 (ob1): Minimize production cost (CP). Objective 2 (ob2): Minimize work injury level (WIL). Model Assumptions A mathematical model herein is developed on the following assumptions are: The values of all parameters are certain over the next period t in planning horizon. Actual labor levels, working hours and warehouse capacity in each period cannot exceed their respective maximum levels. The number of workers and tasks are the same over the planning horizon. A single type of product is manufactured over the planning horizon. Trivial solutions will be ignored. Model Notations The following notations are used after reviewing the literature and considering practical scenarios (Wang Liang, 2004; Masud Hwang, 1980; Wang Fang, 2001; Chakrabortty Hasin, 2013). t: the time period (t=1, 2, 3, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, n). CMR: the regular unit material cost of the product ($/unit). CMO: the overtime unit material cost of the product ($/unit). Pt: the number of products fabricated (production quantity) during the regular working hours in the period t (unit). Ot: the number of products fabricated (overtime production quantity) during the overtime in period t (unit). CLR: the regular unit labor cost in period t ($/unit). CLO: the overtime unit labor cost in period t ($/unit). Ht: the regular working man-hour required in period t (man-hour). Et: the overtime working man-hour required in period t (man-hour). CI: the unit inventory cost ($/unit). It: the units of product to be left over as an inventory during period t (unit). CWI: total work injury cost over the planning horizon.[C2] [aa3] It-1: the units of leftover products in the previous period of t. dt: the product demand in period t. D: the total demand over the planning horizon. dn: the number of working days in period t. W :the number of employees. E* : allowable overtime hours in period t. Objective function (ob1) To achieve the ob1, the integrated production planning was used in order to minimize the production cost. The total production cost consists of the material cost, labor cost, inventory cost and work injury cost. Let C represent various costs. The total cost is hence denoted by: (3.1) [ZC4] where Cproduction: the total production cost. Cmaterial: the material cost. Clabor: the labor cost. Cinventory: the inventory cost. CWI: work injury cost. where Material Cost: Material cost is the sum of regular material cost and overtime material cost that includes the raw material cost and overhead cost. Raw material directly contributes to the finished product, and the overhead cost includes the utility cost such as electricity, gas and rent etc. Labor Cost: Labor cost is the sum of all wages paid to employees for the production of products in both regular time and overtime hours. Inventory cost: Inventory cost is the holding cost of products in stock. Work injury cost: the work injury cost caused by the repetitive assembly production over an entire production period The first objective function (ob1) of the model is to minimize the cost of production (eq. 3.2). (3.2) (3.3) Moreover, equation 3.1 can be written as: [ZC5][aa6] Where, the first part of equation 3.3, represents the regular material cost (CMR) incurred on the regular production quantity (Pt) and overtime material cost (CMO) on overtime production quantity (Ot) over the planning period. The second part represents the labour cost (workers salary) and it is the combination of the regular unit labor cost (CLR) during regular working hours (Ht) and the overtime unit labor cost (CLO) in overtime working hours (Et). The third part is the unit inventory cost for left over products as an inventory over the period (It) and the final part denotes the accumulated work injury cost (CWI) during regular working man-hour (Ht) and the overtime working man-hour (Et). Furthermore, the Cwiis calculated on a yearly basis with 21.74 working days in a month and 8-hour shift as per the study by Lin. (2008). It can be seen in equation (). (2) Objective function (ob2) The second objective function (ob2) of the modelis to minimize the work injury levels over the planning horizon as shown below; Furthermore Where, equation () represents the accumulated work injury level (WIL) during regular working man-hour (Ht) and the overtime working man-hour (Et) in the time period t. As discussed in literature that increase in regular and overtime production quantity will increase the work injury level because of long exposure of worker to the repetitive task. Therefore, higher the production quantity, the longer the working hours and the higher the work injury level. Overall objective function Decision variables The decision variables in the above model are explained below: Production quantity (Pt) during the regular working time in period t. Overtime production quantity (Ot) in period t. Number of products in inventory (It) in period t. Dependant variables Regular working man-hour (Ht) required in period t. Overtime working man-hour (Et) required in period t. 3.2.3 Constraints Demand constraint (3.4) (3.4) Where, the sum of regular production quantity (Pt), overtime production quantity (Ot) and inventory levels essentially greater than or equal to the market demand (dt) in a period t as shown in equation 3.4. Moreover, the sum of all periods demand (dt) should be greater than or equal to total demand (D) over planning horizon as shown in equation 3.4. Labor hour limit constraint. (3.5) where, equation (3.5) represents the regular working man-hour (Ht) in period t should be less than or equal to 8 hours per day, monthly working days (dn) as well as number of employees (W). Overtime working man-hour (Et) should not exceed the allowable hours (E*) by law. Production rate constraint. Assume that the unit time is one hour, and the relation between the produced units and labor can be expressed as: (3.6)[C7] where Rh: the production rate during regular working time. Re: the production rate during overtime. Non-negative constraints. The number of produced product, the number of demand and the unit labor cost are non-negative, respectively that is: (3.7) Model implementation To validate the model efficiency, the specific case study about the aggregate production planning of single product is selected. This case study is drawn from the literature and the author s own experience in industry (Chakrabortty Hasin, 2013). Case study description To validate the proposed model, the real life data of Comfit Composite Knit Limited (CCKL) is taken. The company manufactures knit ware product. The production planning is more specifically about the production of hooded jacket over a couple of months planning horizon. Table 3.1 3.2 give the monthly product demand, and related cost data are as follows. Table 3.1 Product demand over planning horizon Period (t) May June Demand (dt) (units) 1400 3000 Table 3.2 Cost data of case study Regular time unit material cost (CMR) 14 ($/unit) Overtime unit material cost (CMO) 28 ($/unit) Inventory Cost (CI) 3.5 ($/unit) Regular time unit labor cost (CLR) 8 ($/unit) Overtime unit labor cost (CLO) 12 ($/unit) . Table 3.3 Model Constraint Data: Initial Inventory level- I0 500 End inventory in period- I2 400 Labor hour (Ht 0+ Et) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 225 man-hours Production rate (Rh) 0.033 man-hour/unit In given case study, the company makes knit ware product (Hooded Jacket). In manufacturing of product, the job requires a worker posture in a standing position to process the product on a machine. The worker need to place the product parts in a machine to stitch it , for this reason worker has to lean forward to focus on the product parts. The neck may bend to get a better view of stitching if required. To perform this task, the upper arms are need to be elevated to the height of the work table. To place the product part in a right way the body rotation is required (Fig. 3.1). 3.3 Work injury cost (Cwi) calculation Work injury cost [C8](Cwi) is calculated by using the model proposed by Lin (2008). This model is shown here (Eq. 3.8): (3.8) where CWI: the cost of work injuries; ÃŽÂ ±n: the coefficient of multiplier associated with each variable X1 to X7. X1: the type of business Manufacturing; M61; 1: Mills and Semi-medium 0: otherwise; X2: the type of business M81; 1: Metal Foundries and Mills; 0: otherwise; X3: the type of business M91; 1: Agricultural Equipment; 0: otherwise; X4: the type of business M92; 1: if it is Machine Shops, Manufacturing; 0: otherwise; X5: workers age. X6: gender; 1: if it is male; 0: otherwise; X7: the level of work injury. ÃŽÂ µ: the error term. The work injury levels of different body parts are presented in Table 3.13 (Lin, 2008). Table 3.13 Work injury level range Parts of Body Level of work injury Upper Arm 1-6 Forearm 1-3 Wrist 1-4 Neck 1-6 Trunk 1-6 Leg 1-7 The statistics software SPSS ® is used (Lin, 2008) to determine the coefficient of every variable in equation 3.8. In the first step, all data regarding each variable were redefined. In the second step, work injury cost (dependent variable) was adjusted by power transformation. Hence, the work injury cost model is expressed by the following equations (Lin, 2008). (3.9) (3.10) (3.11) (3.12) (3.13) (3.14) After the second step, Equation 3.9 to 3.14 were again adjusted to calculate the work injury cost. The manufacturing type of business is considered, therefore X1=X2=X3=0 and X4=1. It has been noticed that the age and gender coefficient were small and can be neglected. Furthermore, the equation states that work injury levels were the major part in work injury cost (Xu, 2015). The revised work injury cost model equations are as follows; (3.15) (3.16) (3.17) (3.18) (3.19) (3.20) From the above discussion, it was noticed that to calculate the work injury cost the first step is to measure the work injury level of a given posture. Moreover, in order to measure the work injury level (WIL), DELMIA ®V5 production software (Lin,2008) is used. In the first step, Human Builder tool is used for posture visualization. In the second step, posture simulation is done by using Posture Editor tool. In the last step, to measure work injury level for the particular posture RULA (Hedge, 2001) is applied. 3.5 SUMMARY In this chapter, multi objective optimization model was tailored to achieve desired objectives. First objective was to minimize the total production cost over the planning horizon with consideration of work injury cost factor. Second objective was to minimize the work injury levels over the planning horizon. In Section 3.2 multi objective optimization was made along with decision variables and constraints on them. Assumptions and notations were taken from Chakrabortty Hasin. (2013), Wang et al. (2005) and Xu. (2015). In the next Section 3.3 the case study was presented to validate the model. In Section 3.4 work injury cost calculation method was presented with its all variables and work injury level range. Thus, both objectives 1 2 mentioned in chapter 1 have been achieved by proposed model. More detail regarding the results will be discussed in next chapter.

Albert Einstein :: essays research papers

“The search for truth is more precious than its possession'; Albert Einstein, also known as “The Father of The Nuclear Age,'; perhaps one of the most brilliant minds ever to exist was a very quiet man. “Einstein’s Theory of Relativity revolutionized scientific brought with new conceptions of time, space, mass, motion, and gravitation'; (Unknown, World Book Inc.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Albert Einstein contributed more than any other scientist to the modern vision of physical reality. His theory of relativity is held as human thought of the highest quality. (http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Einstein.html) Interested in human affairs and was one of the first supporters of a World Government, and had great compassion for people who were politically oppressed or economically oppressed. He was also fond of classical music, and was a great player of the violin. He was born to Hermann and Paulina Koch Einstein on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Wà ¼rttemberg Germany. As a young boy at the age of five his father Hermann, showed him a little pocket compass. Einstein was deeply impressed by the mysterious behavior of the compass, because it always pointed at the same direction no matter what direction he was holding the compass itself. He later said “something deeply hidden had to be behind things.'; He attended public school in Munich, Germany and also in Aarau, Switzerland. Later Einstein Studied mathematics and physics at the Swiss Polytechnic institute in Zurich. From 1902 until 1909, Einstein worked as an examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. This job gave him much time for scientifi c research. Einstein became a Swiss Citizen in 1905. In 1933 while visiting the U.S. and England, Nazi Germany took seize of Einstein’s property and deprived his of his citizenship. Einstein on the other hand had been invited to study at Princeton, NJ at the Institute for Advanced Study. Einstein gladly accepted the invitation and lived there until his death in 1955. His influential letter to President Roosevelt on August 2, 1939 started the Manhattan Project and through this project, without his influence many more Allied Power lives would have been lost in WWII   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Albert Einstein’s study of Physics and Mathematics was ingenious. Although I do not know much about the great mathematicians of the 20th century, I feel as if Albert Einstein contributed most to modern math than any other modern mathematician that I know of. His study of Physics and the progress he made in the understanding of physics gave him world-renowned attention.